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Definition
Valerian
Valerian ruled as emperor of the Roman Empire from 253 CE until his capture in 260 CE. In 253 CE an elderly Roman military commander and experienced former senator was proclaimed emperor by his troops - a very common occurrence at the time...

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Valerian (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Valerian (r. 253-260 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions, as well as archaeological evidence. Pictured alongside the reconstruction is...

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Valerian I
A gold aureus coin depicting Roman Emperor Valerian, r. 253-260 CE.

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Valerian Defeated by Shapur I
Relief at Naqsh-e Rostam, Iran, depicting Emperor Valerian's capture by Shapur I in 260 CE.

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Defeat of Valerian by Shapur
A sardonyx cameo depicting the defeat of Roman emperor Valerian (r. 253-260 CE) by the Persian king Shapur. c. 260 CE. (Cabinet des Médailles, National Library, Paris)

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Artistic Facial Reconstruction of Emperor Valerian
The recreated image of the Roman emperor Valerian (r. 253-260), based on a bust.

Definition
Gallienus
Gallienus was Roman emperor from 253 to 268 CE. Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus, the eldest son of Emperor Valerian, was named co-emperor by his father in 253 CE. He was one of many who would claim the throne over the next two decades...

Definition
Shapur I
Shapur I (r. 240-270 CE) is considered one of the greatest kings of the Sassanian Empire for expanding his realm, his policy of religious tolerance, building projects, and committing the Zoroastrian scriptures (Avesta) to writing. He was...

Definition
The Barracks Emperors
The “Barracks Emperors” is a term coined by later historians referring to the Roman emperors who were chosen and supported by the army during the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284...

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Enemies of Rome in the 3rd Century CE
It has been said that the greatest enemy of Rome was Rome itself, and this is certainly true of the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284 CE). During this time of almost 50 years, over...