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Upanishads: Summary & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Upanishads: Summary & Commentary

The Upanishads are among the best-known philosophical-religious works in the world and also among the oldest as the earliest texts are thought to have been composed between 800-500 BCE. These works are philosophical dialogues relating to...
Sassanian Kings List & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Sassanian Kings List & Commentary

The Sassanian Empire (224-651) was the greatest expression of Persian culture in the ancient world. It was consciously modeled on the earlier Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which established Persian supremacy in the region and developed...
Gender & Identity in Mulan: Text & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Gender & Identity in Mulan: Text & Commentary

The legend of Mulan, now world-famous thanks to the Disney films of 1998 and 2020, is the story of a young girl who disguises herself as a man to take her aged father's place as a conscript in the army and so preserve the family honor...
Protagoras of Abdera: Of All Things Man Is The Measure
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Protagoras of Abdera: Of All Things Man Is The Measure

Protagoras of Abdera (l.c. 485-415 BCE) is most famous for his claim that "Of all things the measure is Man, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not" (DK 80B1) usually rendered simply...
Procopius on the Plague of Justinian: Text & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Procopius on the Plague of Justinian: Text & Commentary

The Plague of Justinian (541-542 CE and onwards) is the first fully documented case of bubonic plague in history. It is named for the emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the time, Justinian I (r. 527-565 CE) and recorded by his court historian...
Thucydides on the Plague of Athens: Text & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Thucydides on the Plague of Athens: Text & Commentary

The Plague of Athens (429-426 BCE) struck the city, most likely, in 430 BCE before it was recognized as an epidemic and, before it was done, had claimed between 75,000-100,000 lives. Modern-day scholars believe it was most likely an outbreak...
Setna I: A Detailed Summary & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Setna I: A Detailed Summary & Commentary

Setna I (also Setna Khaemaus and the Mummies) is a work of ancient Egyptian literature from the Ptolemaic Period (323-30 BCE) written in demotic script. It is part of a cycle of stories known as the Tales of Prince Setna featuring a character...
Setna II: A Detailed Summary & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Setna II: A Detailed Summary & Commentary

Setna II (also Setna Khaemaus and Si-Osire) is a work of ancient Egyptian literature from Roman Egypt (30 BCE - 646 CE) written in demotic script. It is part of a cycle of stories known as the Tales of Prince Setna featuring a character based...
Boccaccio on the Black Death: Text & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Boccaccio on the Black Death: Text & Commentary

The Black Death is the name given to the plague outbreak in Europe between 1347-1352 CE. The term was only coined after 1800 CE in reference to the black buboes (growths) which erupted in the groin, armpit, and around the ears of those infected...
The Report of Wenamun: Text & Commentary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Report of Wenamun: Text & Commentary

The literature of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) is justly famous as some of the best the culture ever produced. Great works like The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor and The Tale of Sinuhe stand among the great literary masterpieces...
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